软件体系结构-复习

写在前面

我大抵是困在这课程的围城里了。案头翻出泛黄的本科笔记，那些工整字迹竟像被水渍晕染的碑文，横竖都透着混沌；油印的讲义在台灯下泛着冷光，铅字排成的方阵倒显出些魑魅魍魉的形状。这软件体系结构的学问，原是极玄妙的，横竖都逃不过“晦涩”二字——譬如赤脚人走长街，偏要学那穿绣鞋的太太们量布裁衣。

诸君且看我这窘态：既无那经手项目的阅历，亦缺那敲烂键盘的功夫，倒要对着满纸架构图学《体系结构》。这等滑稽光景，恰似荒村野店的厨子，捧着西餐刀叉要解五香卤煮的筋络。那些个分层架构、设计模式，原是先生们用粉笔描摹的渡河石，如今浸了冷汗，竟在石板上洇出团团墨迹，教人辨不清是路标还是符咒。

夜半风起时，忽觉这课程倒似铁屋子里的煤油灯——灯芯燃得焦苦，光晕却照不破四壁的暗。诸君且备好火把罢，学问的深潭里原没有桥，横竖都得摸黑泅渡。只得用 AI 写些个注解，聊作考试大纲之补阙。

诸君自求多福哉。

Final Exam

总评成绩 = 平时作业 40% + 期末考试 60%
简答题、论述/问答题、设计分析题
英文题目、中文或英文答题
个别题目可能需画图
卷面分数 = 前六讲基础内容 60% + 后三讲高阶内容 40%

【往年考试题汇总和 2025Spring 押题】软件系统设计-复习 | EagleBear2002 的博客

【另一份可供参考的复习笔记】南京大学软件学院-2024-软件体系结构（研究生）期末复习参考 - 知乎

Software Architecture in General

软件架构设计-01-Introduction | EagleBear2002 的博客

What is software architecture?
- Structure, Elements, Relationships, Design
What does a software architect do?
- Liaison, Software engineering Tech, knowledge, Risk mgmt
Where do architectures come from?
- NFRs, ASRs, Quality Requirements; Stakeholders, Organizations, Technical Environments…
Architecture (4+1)Views
- Logical view, Process view, Physical view, Development view + Use case scenarios…
Architectural activities and process
Software architecture knowledge areas

Architecture Process

Quality Attributes

软件架构设计-02-Quality Attributes | EagleBear2002 的博客

Software Requirements
1. Functional requirements, Quality requirements (NFRs), Constraints
Quality Attributes
1. Internal vs. External Attributes
2. Modeling quality attribute scenarios: Source, Stimulus, Artefact, Environment, Response, Measure
3. Availability, Interoperability, Modifiability, Performance, Security, Testability, Usability, X-ablility…
4. Tactics for quality attributes
Architecturally Significant Requirements
1. How to gather and identify ASRs: Requirements, Interviews, Business goals, Utility tree

Architecture Patterns

软件架构设计-03-Architectural Pattern | EagleBear2002 的博客

Architecture Patterns
1. Context, Problem, Solution: elements + relations + constraints
Module Patterns
1. Layered pattern (micro-kernal pattern)
Component-Connector Patterns
1. Broker pattern, Model-view-controller pattern, Pipe-and-filter pattern, Client-server pattern, Peer-to-peer pattern,Service-oriented pattern, Publish-subscribe pattern, Share-data pattern
Allocation Patterns
1. Map-reduce pattern, Multi-tier pattern
Patterns vs. Tactics

Designing Architecture

软件架构设计-04-Designing Architecture | EagleBear2002 的博客

General Design Strategy
1. Abstraction, Decomposition, Divide & conquer, Generation and test, Iteration, Reuse
Categories of design decisions
1. Responsibilities, Coordination, Data, Resources, elements mapping, Binding time, Technology
Attribute-Driven Design (ADD 2.0)
1. Inputs to and outputs of ADD
2. 8-step process: 1. confirm requirements, 2. choose an element to decompose, 3. identify ASRs, 4. choose a design satisfying ASRs, 5. instantiate elements & allocate responsibilities, 6. define interface, 7. verify & refine requirements, 8. repeat step 2-7 until all ASRs satisfied
3. Step 4: 4.1 identify concerns, 4.2 list alternatives, 4.3 select patterns/tactics, 4.4 determine relations, 4.5 capture views, 4.6 resolve inconsistencies